Friday 12 May 2017
Wednesday 10 May 2017
Chapter 7 Annotations
Berridge, Virginia. (2016). Public Health: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford, United Kingdom. Retrieved from Oxford University Press.
As previously mentioned, the public health field is continuously evolving and growing. Berridge uses the beginning of this chapter to predict where the future of the public health field is headed and how far it has come since the beginning of public health. Main focuses are the improvements of life expectancy and the reduction of smoking rates. While environment is a factor of public health, and has improved over time, other factors remain issues within the field, such as vaccinations, diet, pollution, and more. Berridge reviews the beginning chapters of the book to compare the past and present within the public health field. Overcoming disease has been greatly accounted to progression of prevention methods to reduce public health risks, but now individual behaviors are being more examined and correlated to the environment and public health issues. Awareness on issues such as obesity is addressed and reiterated the fact that educating and informing are key to the public health field. In order for any field to grow, it is important to know its history, which is what Berridge tries to demonstrate through these chapters. Knowing the past can improve the present.
As previously mentioned, the public health field is continuously evolving and growing. Berridge uses the beginning of this chapter to predict where the future of the public health field is headed and how far it has come since the beginning of public health. Main focuses are the improvements of life expectancy and the reduction of smoking rates. While environment is a factor of public health, and has improved over time, other factors remain issues within the field, such as vaccinations, diet, pollution, and more. Berridge reviews the beginning chapters of the book to compare the past and present within the public health field. Overcoming disease has been greatly accounted to progression of prevention methods to reduce public health risks, but now individual behaviors are being more examined and correlated to the environment and public health issues. Awareness on issues such as obesity is addressed and reiterated the fact that educating and informing are key to the public health field. In order for any field to grow, it is important to know its history, which is what Berridge tries to demonstrate through these chapters. Knowing the past can improve the present.
Chapter 6 Annotations
Berridge, Virginia. (2016). Public Health: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford, United Kingdom. Retrieved from Oxford University Press.
The public health issues that arise when categorized in a low socioeconomic class is a common theme throughout Berridge’s book. This chapter focuses on the underdeveloped tropic regions before World War I. The differences between public health in Europe and public health in the tropical regions was the scientific developments in cartography, taxonomy, and geography that allowed Europe to look at different biological variants and changes. These developments allowed Europeans to explore not only biological variants within Europe, but also expand to other areas as they explored new destinations as well; leading to new public health concerns. New virus outbreaks were happening such as small pox, and vaccinations were administered by the British to parts of India. While this was a great progression in the public health field, most Indians were not reached by the vaccination for two reasons. One was that many Indians believed in different forms of medicine stemming from their traditions and culture. The other reason for lack of vaccinations within India, was because priority for vaccinations when to those in higher statuses rather than those living in low socioeconomic statuses. Between World War I and World War II the medicine within these tropical areas really evolved and grew. After the second war, health planning and public health crisis management became extremely important because of all of the spread of diseases through refugees and the travels of militaries during war times. Primary health care became a focus, advocating that people seek out medical professional help for health issues. This time was one of public health reform and a time of testing new methods. I could use this in my research to show how the history of public health reform can be a good thing and should be considered for acceptance by communities today.
The public health issues that arise when categorized in a low socioeconomic class is a common theme throughout Berridge’s book. This chapter focuses on the underdeveloped tropic regions before World War I. The differences between public health in Europe and public health in the tropical regions was the scientific developments in cartography, taxonomy, and geography that allowed Europe to look at different biological variants and changes. These developments allowed Europeans to explore not only biological variants within Europe, but also expand to other areas as they explored new destinations as well; leading to new public health concerns. New virus outbreaks were happening such as small pox, and vaccinations were administered by the British to parts of India. While this was a great progression in the public health field, most Indians were not reached by the vaccination for two reasons. One was that many Indians believed in different forms of medicine stemming from their traditions and culture. The other reason for lack of vaccinations within India, was because priority for vaccinations when to those in higher statuses rather than those living in low socioeconomic statuses. Between World War I and World War II the medicine within these tropical areas really evolved and grew. After the second war, health planning and public health crisis management became extremely important because of all of the spread of diseases through refugees and the travels of militaries during war times. Primary health care became a focus, advocating that people seek out medical professional help for health issues. This time was one of public health reform and a time of testing new methods. I could use this in my research to show how the history of public health reform can be a good thing and should be considered for acceptance by communities today.
Chapter 5 Annotations
Berridge, Virginia. (2016). Public Health: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford, United Kingdom. Retrieved from Oxford University Press.
From 1900 to 1980 the public health field greatly advanced. Welfare clinics and healthcare facilities were created during World War I while the public health focus shifted to women and children while husbands were away. New illness were appearing and increasing mortality rates such as many sexually transmitted diseases and tuberculosis. While mortality due to these issues was on the rise, after the war issues with alcohol and other disease issues began to decline. In this time, education became an extremely important factor of public health. More responsibilities were delegated to public health professionals, yet there was still no real definition or concrete goal for what public health really was at the time. War times were difficult for everyone and every aspect of life, and the hope was that situations would improve after the war. However, this was not the case. Improvements after the war were tedious and slow. Public health focus went from focused on the individual and social medicine to chronic diseases and the lasting effects of diseases as opposed to what the causes of these issues actually were. Methods such as quarantine and vaccination became less important in the public health field in this time as focus shifted to smokers and diet. Again, this information could be used in my research as the shifts in public health and reforms took place, just as there should be some in current times.
From 1900 to 1980 the public health field greatly advanced. Welfare clinics and healthcare facilities were created during World War I while the public health focus shifted to women and children while husbands were away. New illness were appearing and increasing mortality rates such as many sexually transmitted diseases and tuberculosis. While mortality due to these issues was on the rise, after the war issues with alcohol and other disease issues began to decline. In this time, education became an extremely important factor of public health. More responsibilities were delegated to public health professionals, yet there was still no real definition or concrete goal for what public health really was at the time. War times were difficult for everyone and every aspect of life, and the hope was that situations would improve after the war. However, this was not the case. Improvements after the war were tedious and slow. Public health focus went from focused on the individual and social medicine to chronic diseases and the lasting effects of diseases as opposed to what the causes of these issues actually were. Methods such as quarantine and vaccination became less important in the public health field in this time as focus shifted to smokers and diet. Again, this information could be used in my research as the shifts in public health and reforms took place, just as there should be some in current times.
Chapter 4 Annotations
Berridge, Virginia. (2016). Public Health: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford, United Kingdom. Retrieved from Oxford University Press.
When England became the first to industrialize, public health became more pertinent as the concerns for clean water and sanitation was essential. Focus within the public health field had previously been on the community as a whole, but during this time it grew to be more individually focused. The implementation of sanitation and clean water practices during the time of urban growth and industrialization improved the life expectancy of individuals and improved other areas of public health as well. Later, in the 19th century, cholera became an issue, and outbreaks lead to the beliefs that doctors wanted people to get sick with cholera so that they could be studied. These outbreaks led to trials of different public health methods, such as quarantine, which was ineffective. Again, poverty and low socioeconomic status was directly related to these cholera outbreaks, leading Britain to create Poor Laws which dealt with the lower class and issues surrounding those in that status. This type of disbelief in doctors and methods can be used in my research and related to my topic because there are some people today that are still against what science says, often rebelling against doctors and their recommendations.
When England became the first to industrialize, public health became more pertinent as the concerns for clean water and sanitation was essential. Focus within the public health field had previously been on the community as a whole, but during this time it grew to be more individually focused. The implementation of sanitation and clean water practices during the time of urban growth and industrialization improved the life expectancy of individuals and improved other areas of public health as well. Later, in the 19th century, cholera became an issue, and outbreaks lead to the beliefs that doctors wanted people to get sick with cholera so that they could be studied. These outbreaks led to trials of different public health methods, such as quarantine, which was ineffective. Again, poverty and low socioeconomic status was directly related to these cholera outbreaks, leading Britain to create Poor Laws which dealt with the lower class and issues surrounding those in that status. This type of disbelief in doctors and methods can be used in my research and related to my topic because there are some people today that are still against what science says, often rebelling against doctors and their recommendations.
Chapter 3 Annotations
Berridge, Virginia. (2016). Public Health: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford, United Kingdom. Retrieved from Oxford University Press.
Chapter three beings by describing the origins of the public health field, which begin in the18th century. It is believed that the Greek physician, Hippocrates, is where the origin of public health lies, specifically with healing and medicine. However, the main issues that were being faced during this time were sanitary bathroom facilities as well as having access to drinking water. Hippocrates believed in the “balance of the humors” for humans, which consisted of exercise, massage, diet, and humoral therapy. In a way this can be related to homeostasis in current times, which is a complete functioning of all human systems working together in harmony. While the Greeks paved the way to begin the public health field, the Romans followed suit and were the first to adequately provide clean water through their aqueduct system. While these systems evolved over time, as part of public health, many beliefs and evolutions originated from traditions and knowledge of medicines within each culture and society. As time goes on and expands into the Middle Ages, populations grew as well as resources. However, along with this expanse came new diseases and public health issues rose. As trading grew popular among different areas, the spread of diseases and health issues continued to grow as did the concerns with public health. Most diseases ravaged lower class and slum areas because of access to basic health necessities. I believe that this is relatable to current issues in the public health field and how those that are of low socioeconomic status do not have the same access and privileges as those of higher status. Hopefully, I can relate this to my research and explain the differences for those in different socioeconomic statuses even today.
Chapter three beings by describing the origins of the public health field, which begin in the18th century. It is believed that the Greek physician, Hippocrates, is where the origin of public health lies, specifically with healing and medicine. However, the main issues that were being faced during this time were sanitary bathroom facilities as well as having access to drinking water. Hippocrates believed in the “balance of the humors” for humans, which consisted of exercise, massage, diet, and humoral therapy. In a way this can be related to homeostasis in current times, which is a complete functioning of all human systems working together in harmony. While the Greeks paved the way to begin the public health field, the Romans followed suit and were the first to adequately provide clean water through their aqueduct system. While these systems evolved over time, as part of public health, many beliefs and evolutions originated from traditions and knowledge of medicines within each culture and society. As time goes on and expands into the Middle Ages, populations grew as well as resources. However, along with this expanse came new diseases and public health issues rose. As trading grew popular among different areas, the spread of diseases and health issues continued to grow as did the concerns with public health. Most diseases ravaged lower class and slum areas because of access to basic health necessities. I believe that this is relatable to current issues in the public health field and how those that are of low socioeconomic status do not have the same access and privileges as those of higher status. Hopefully, I can relate this to my research and explain the differences for those in different socioeconomic statuses even today.
Chapter 2 Annotations
Berridge, Virginia. (2016). Public Health: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford, United Kingdom. Retrieved from Oxford University Press.
The challenges within the public health field are forever changing, as told by Berridge, which are inevitable and continuing. Under the three levels of public health, global, national, and local, the goals differ but the priority of a healthy population as a whole remains the same. This chapter in Berridge’s book is intended to help us understand the challenges with the broad agenda that the public health field faces. This chapter speaks of how lifestyle is a direct cause of certain health risks. Lifestyle is usually a choice made by a person, with certain exceptions, but some do not realize the obvious and sometimes not so obvious health risks associated with the lifestyle choices that they make. Many believe that screening is a type of prevention for these lifestyle risks, usually done by a physician. However, it takes more than just screening; it takes modification and adjustment of this lifestyle as well. Not only is modification essential for prevention of lifestyle health risks, it is also necessary to spread awareness and be informed. Homeostasis is pertinent here, not only physically, but to be of sound mind as well. Many have always considered the public health field as only medical and physical health, not considering the fact that the broad field actually encompasses all aspects of health, including mental and emotional health as well. While many believe this stigma, it has been mostly removed and allowed for the public health field to grow and expand in to a wide variety of areas allowing for a more in depth review of what public health really is. This information will help me in my research by explaining how knowledge, awareness, and education are catalysts to enable people to live fully healthy lifestyles regardless of sex, race, age, and socioeconomic status.
The challenges within the public health field are forever changing, as told by Berridge, which are inevitable and continuing. Under the three levels of public health, global, national, and local, the goals differ but the priority of a healthy population as a whole remains the same. This chapter in Berridge’s book is intended to help us understand the challenges with the broad agenda that the public health field faces. This chapter speaks of how lifestyle is a direct cause of certain health risks. Lifestyle is usually a choice made by a person, with certain exceptions, but some do not realize the obvious and sometimes not so obvious health risks associated with the lifestyle choices that they make. Many believe that screening is a type of prevention for these lifestyle risks, usually done by a physician. However, it takes more than just screening; it takes modification and adjustment of this lifestyle as well. Not only is modification essential for prevention of lifestyle health risks, it is also necessary to spread awareness and be informed. Homeostasis is pertinent here, not only physically, but to be of sound mind as well. Many have always considered the public health field as only medical and physical health, not considering the fact that the broad field actually encompasses all aspects of health, including mental and emotional health as well. While many believe this stigma, it has been mostly removed and allowed for the public health field to grow and expand in to a wide variety of areas allowing for a more in depth review of what public health really is. This information will help me in my research by explaining how knowledge, awareness, and education are catalysts to enable people to live fully healthy lifestyles regardless of sex, race, age, and socioeconomic status.
Chapter 1 Annotations
Berridge, Virginia. (2016). Public Health: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford, United Kingdom. Retrieved from Oxford University Press.
This introduction of the public health field and its evolving history is used to show how important the overall general health of society is and how it came to be the field that it is today. Berridge explains how the field of public health is actually an umbrella term for the abundant positions and departments that reside under the term public health. Over time the interpretations and definitions of public health have changed and evolved, but what remains true is that the field of public health is still a broad topic that is interpreted differently for everyone. Change and evolution of the definitions of the public health field, and of populations in general, as described by Berridge, are significant in understanding what the field of public health actually is and what its goals should be on all levels. As the world becomes more advance and sifts towards reforms and policy changes, the public health field also reforms and shifts. These shifts guide where the field is headed and what the ultimate goals are; which is a healthy population. Most of these shifts are guided by the government, at all levels of public health, not just local and national. I believe that these shifts and reforms can be used in my research by relating to my topic and how government reforms are happening in some places in regards to my topic, as well as the pushback from community, which also happens often in the public health field. The importance of a healthy population as a whole relies on the public health field to continuously re-evaluate its goals and objectives, at the government level, but also at the community level as well.
This introduction of the public health field and its evolving history is used to show how important the overall general health of society is and how it came to be the field that it is today. Berridge explains how the field of public health is actually an umbrella term for the abundant positions and departments that reside under the term public health. Over time the interpretations and definitions of public health have changed and evolved, but what remains true is that the field of public health is still a broad topic that is interpreted differently for everyone. Change and evolution of the definitions of the public health field, and of populations in general, as described by Berridge, are significant in understanding what the field of public health actually is and what its goals should be on all levels. As the world becomes more advance and sifts towards reforms and policy changes, the public health field also reforms and shifts. These shifts guide where the field is headed and what the ultimate goals are; which is a healthy population. Most of these shifts are guided by the government, at all levels of public health, not just local and national. I believe that these shifts and reforms can be used in my research by relating to my topic and how government reforms are happening in some places in regards to my topic, as well as the pushback from community, which also happens often in the public health field. The importance of a healthy population as a whole relies on the public health field to continuously re-evaluate its goals and objectives, at the government level, but also at the community level as well.
Synthesis Matrix 6-10
Link to Google Doc Version
Author/
Date
|
Aim of Study
|
Type of Literature/
Type of Method
|
Results/
Conclusion
|
Strengths/
Limitations
|
Thematic Codings
|
Setting/
Context
|
Lei, Y. (2015)
|
Examine the perceptions about what would happen if there were mandatory influenza vaccinations for healthcare workers.
|
Mixed methods and research.
|
There is a poor perception of influenza vaccine in general, but also in the heath care setting.
|
Only evaluation was done through online comments and news stories.
|
Concerns about freedom of choice, vaccine effectiveness, and patient safety.
|
Response to news stories and online comments.
|
Orenstein, W.A. (2013)
|
Determine strategies to promote influenza vaccine coverage for health care professionals as advised by the Healthy People 2020 campaign.
|
Expert opinion and research.
|
Influenza vaccination is the most effective strategy at prevention, and there should be a program with incentives for health care workers.
|
Information advice comes from the National Vaccine Advisory Committee which has some biased towards getting health care workers vaccinated.
|
How to promote vaccinations among health care workers and improve vaccinations rates.
|
Review of information by the National Vaccine Advisory Committee.
|
Cortes-Penfield, N. (2014)
|
Explaining why a mandatory influenza vaccination for health care workers should be the standard of care because of matters regarding patient safety and nonmaleficence practice.
|
Expert opinion and research.
|
Opposition to mandatory influenza vaccinations remains high, even from government agencies like OSHA. However, there can be incentive programs.
|
This is an expert opinion based article of one person. So there is biased towards his opinion.
|
What the standard of care should be regarding mandatory influenza vaccination.
|
Expert opinion peer-reviewed article.
|
Kim, H. (2015)
|
Evaluating the 2012 Rhode Island health care worker influenza vaccination regulations: the implementation process and what the vaccination coverage was like.
|
Cross - sectional evaluation and survey.
|
More than 96.6% of employees did end up getting vaccinated with this implementation, the rest wore masks or were not allowed in certain areas of health care facilities.
|
Survey was in depth and data came from employee records which were electronically recorded so unable to be altered.
|
Implementations of influenza vaccination regulations for health care workers.
|
117 health care facilities in Rhode Island
|
Schmid, P. (2017)
|
Reviewing vaccination hesitancy from 2005-2016 in health care workers for the influenza vaccine
|
Cross - sectional evaluation and survey, and expert opinion.
|
There are barriers to certain risk groups preventing vaccination, but education and incentive programs raised vaccination rates for health care workers.
|
It is mostly a collection of data that is already out there, and not only focused on health care workers. Has a good conclusion of why people are hesitant for vaccinations and immunizations
|
Barriers to vaccination causing hesitance.
|
Data collected on hesitance and barriers for vaccination from 2005 - 2016.
|
Synthesis Matrix 1-5
Link to Google Doc Version
Author/
Date
|
Aim of Study
|
Type of Literature/
Type of Method
|
Results/
Conclusion
|
Strengths/
Limitations
|
Thematic Codings
|
Setting/
Context
|
Anikeeva, O. (2009)
|
Examine the implications for requiring the influenza vaccination for health care workers.
|
Research.
|
Despite vaccination benefits with requiring influenza vaccination, the vaccination rate remains lower than the recommended levels to achieve herd immunity.
|
Research is mostly based on opinions and data already provided, not a study.
|
There are ethical issues for requiring influenza vaccination in health care workers despite the benefits of herd immunity
|
Research into ethics for policies requiring influenza vaccinations in health care workers.
|
Leask, J. (2010)
|
Examine the views of health care workers about the possibility of a mandatory influenza vaccination.
|
Cohort study - interviews.
|
A higher percentage of this group supported mandating influenza vaccination rates than that of those who did not support it. However, including influenza in the mandated vaccinations would bring up 4 major issues to be addressed.
|
Getting opinions of the professionals in the health care setting provide insight into opinions and behaviors of workers in that field.
|
Mandatory vaccinations and immunizations for health care workers.
|
37 health care workers from New South Wales, Australia.
|
Van Buynder, P.G. (2015)
|
To determine the benefits of health care worker vaccination over the mask policy: a look at cost effectiveness and reduction in absenteeism.
|
Review and retrospective cohort study.
|
Those vaccinated had less absenteeism than those who were not vaccinated for the influenza season, as compared to pre-influenza season.
|
All data of employees was used from pre-influenza season and during influenza season where sick hours are easily recorded.
|
Vaccinations reduce cost for health facilities by also reducing absenteeism.
|
Employees of Fraser Health Authority in the years 2012/2013. Not including volunteers and contracted workers.
|
Scatigna, M. (2016)
|
Examine the variables that determine whether a health care worker gets vaccinations and exploring possible mechanisms for mediating this process.
|
Cross - sectional study.
|
Education and knowledge of vaccinations from self reportings in health care workers was low for all categories. A mediation mechanism was seen as a possible advantage.
|
Self reported data and anonymous questionnaires are not necessarily reliable because who knows how a person interprets something or whether or not they are accurately reporting information.
|
Vaccination education and implementation for health care workers was low and mediation efforts to encourage vaccinations are likely helpful to raise the number of people vaccinated.
|
334 Health care workers from a local hospital in L’Aquila, Italy took part in an anonymous questionnaire and self reported data.
|
Maltezou, H. (2016)
|
Determining the necessity for immunizations/vaccinations amount health care workers and looking at public health policies surrounding these issues.
|
Research article and review.
|
Voluntary immunization and vaccination policies have not demonstrated adequate immunization and vaccination
|
There is a wide range of data for immunizations and vaccination practices and policies over time which is a strength and limitation at the same time.
|
Voluntary immunization and vaccination policies and practices.
|
Research on data about voluntary immunization and vaccination practices and policies over the past 3 decades.
|
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