Research Journal #3

What is your research question? Have you decided to change it at all? And, if you have, how do I know that the way in which this question is formulated is appropriate to conduct a literature review with a systematic approach?
My research question is: Is it important for all health care workers to be required to get the Influenza vaccine in order to work in a specific facility, or should this be a personal choice, or at least have specific acceptions related to health or disabilities?
There were no real changes made between the last research journal and this one about my research question.


Five new sources directly relevant to my resarch + type of source + its relevance +one interesting fact.
Article #1 (data collection and analysis) =
Lei, Y., Pereira, J. A., Quach, S., Bettinger, J. A., Kwong, J. C., Corace, K., . . . Guay, M. (2015). Examining Perceptions about Mandatory Influenza Vaccination of Healthcare Workers through Online Comments on News Stories. Plos One, 10(6). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129993

I found this journal article in PubMed to be extremely interesting. It may be too unreliable for my actual research question; however, it does in fact set the premise for the perceptions that are out there on social media and other ways regarding what people think of having mandatory Influenza Vaccination for health care workers. All of the data was collected via British news sites and social media that contain the words "healthcare workers" and "mandatory influenza vaccinations/immunizations" or "mandatory flu shot and health care workers". These words are looking at exactly what my research question is directed towards. I would love to use this article like I said as a premise for the attitudes towards mandating Influenza vaccines in health care workers. The snap below shows how the journal article used data collection and expert analysis for their research and results.

Article #2 (Expert Opinion) =
Orenstein, W. A., Gellin, B. G., Buck, T., Jackson, L. A., Larussa, P. S., Mason, J. O., . . . Lewin, C. (2013). Strategies to Achieve the Healthy People 2020 Annual Influenza Vaccine Coverage Goal for Health-Care Personnel: Recommendations from the National Vaccine Advisory Committee. Public Health Reports, 128(1), 7-25. doi:10.1177/003335491312800103

This Article is evidence based on reliable expert opinion from the National Vaccine Advisory Committee. The ultimate goal in the eyes of the NVAC is to have a Healthy People 2020 coverage goal among health care personnel. One thing this article states in the very first sentence is that the flu, or Influenza is a huge public health issue. I always thought it was as well, but not many people consider the flue to be a huge public health issue. I also thought the death from Influenza statistic would also be a great addition to my resource and backup evidence for the fact that not having Influenza is in fact a public health issue. I also think that the recommendations of the NVAC to implement strategies in order to raise the rate of vaccines in health care workers is a good idea to consider for implementation in my results.

Article #3 (Expert Opinion) =
Cortes-Penfield, N. (2014). Mandatory Influenza Vaccination for Health Care Workers as the New Standard of Care: A Matter of Patient Safety and Nonmaleficent Practice. American Journal of Public Health, 104(11), 2060-2065. doi:10.2105/ajph.2013.301514

This article directly relates to my research project by looking at expert opinions on the mandatory influenza vaccination for health care workers as just a typical standard of care. The thing I would like to use most from this journal is the section about Health Care Worker Vaccination and Patient Health. This section talks about how the trials researched in this journal article have proven that the influenza vaccination of health care workers has reduced the number of deaths and diseases in patients. I also really enjoyed seeing the Safety and Burden of Influenza Vaccination section because it also explores the other side of the question, such as the risks of the vaccines, the burdens, and the possible adverse events that could go along with the vaccine. This is another great section that has a lot of take-a ways for my results and research.

Article #4 (Survey and Evaluation) =
Kim, H., Lindley, M. C., Dube, D., Kalayil, E. J., Paiva, K. A., & Raymond, P. (2015). Evaluation of the Impact of the 2012 Rhode Island Health Care Worker Influenza Vaccination Regulations. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 21(3). doi:10.1097/phh.0000000000000128

This article is directly related to my article because it examines a specific case where the impact of the 2012 Rhode Island Health Care Worker Influenza Vaccination Regulations were evaluated. I think this journal is important to my research because it is a specific case relating to my research question. I think that the methods of data collection and surveys were used in a good way so that the data that was collected is reliable. I also like that the journal included the facility’s policy on the Influenza vaccine. This is important so that an in-place policy could be examined for research as well.

Article #5 (Survey and Evaluation and Expert Opinion) =
Schmid, P., Rauber, D., Betsch, C., Lidolt, G., & Denker, M. (2017). Barriers of Influenza Vaccination Intention and Behavior – A Systematic Review of Influenza Vaccine Hesitancy, 2005 – 2016. Plos One, 12(1). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170550

This article is related to my research question because it examines the hesitancy in getting the Influenza vaccine which could provide reasons for the resistance against mandatory Influenza vaccines among health care workers. In the examination of hesitancy section there are several potential barriers proposed by researchers for why the Influenza vaccine may be resisted. These potential barriers are definitely something I would like to take away for my research in order to better examine why health care workers may not want to get the Influenza vaccine while working in a health care setting. I also would like to take away the goals section where the journal article talks about potential ways to remove the hesitancy against the Influenza vaccine for health care workers.

In Class Work 2/6 + 2/8

Research Journal #2

What is your topic? Or what are your key words thus far?
My topic is requirement of the Influenza vaccine in health care workers. So far my key terms are:
Health Care Worker
Influenza Vaccine
Required
Choice
Theory
Expert Opinion
Risk


What is your research question? Have you decided to change it at all? And, if you have, how do I know that the way in which this question is formulated is appropriate to conduct a literature review with a systematic approach?
My research question is: Is it important for all health care workers to be required to get the Influenza vaccine in order to work in a specific facility, or should this be a personal choice, or at least have specific acceptions related to health or disabilities?
And what are the definitions on which it depends?
My question depends on four key terms, all of which are linked to the literature. Those terms are:
Theory = a basis or ground on which practitioners make decisions; whatever self-conscious, widely available rationale informs their decision-making processes
Health Care Worker= I mean this as a broad term of any persons that is working or volunteering in a health care setting.
Influenza Vaccine = This term is very specific to the Influenza or "flu" vaccine.
Required = This term can be taken in a specific or broad way, but it is to help me find the research that talks about the risks and benefits with requiring a health care worker to get the Influenza Vaccine.


What is your hierarchy of evidence? And how do I know you going about finding the most appropriate evidence/method for your research question?
I feel that the below hierarchy of evidence would be the best order for finding the most appropriate research and question, with some of the types of evidence being equally important. The fact of requiring an immunization to work somewhere would be a policy, so that is first, but then would follow with practice, theory, and expert opinion because they are all needed in order to really dive in deeper with the articles and evidence that I find.
Policy
Practice
Theory
Expert Opinion
Studies about the risks vs. benefits of the requiring the Influenza vaccine


How do I know that the remit of the method itself is selecting the research, rather than just you on a whim? + 1 thing you found interesting + how you imagine using the source
Article #1 =
Anikeeva, O., Braunack-Mayer, A., & Rogers, W. (2009). Requiring Influenza Vaccination for Health Care Workers. American Journal of Public Health,99(1), 24-29. doi:10.2105/ajph.2008.136440

This Article is about the potential benefits for workers, patients, and their families if it was required for health care workers to recieve the Influenza Vaccination. It was published by the American Public Health Association.Below is a picture of the first bit of this journal article which I believe is a great start in providing me with the information I need to answer my research question.

Article #2 =
Leask, J., Helms, C. M., Chow, M. Y., Robbins, S. C., & Mcintyre, P. B. (2010). Making influenza vaccination mandatory for health care workers: the views of NSW Health administrators and clinical leaders. New South Wales Public Health Bulletin, 21(10), 243. doi:10.1071/nb10042

I also found this article to be significant in my research about requiring vaccinations for health care workers. It comes from PubMed and is mostly a theory based article that talks about the challenges that would come with requiring the influenza vaccination in healthcare workers worldwide. This particular screenshot is interesting to me because it begins to talk about incentivs which I had not thought about before.

Article #3 =
Buynder, P. V., Konrad, S., Kersteins, F., Preston, E., Brown, P., Keen, D., & Murray, N. (2015). Healthcare worker influenza immunization vaccinate or mask policy: Strategies for cost effective implementation and subsequent reductions in staff absenteeism due to illness. Vaccine, 33(13), 1625-1628. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.048

This article is directly related to my project, requiring the Influenza vaccine for health care workers or letting it be a personal choice and having reserve factors related to health or disability issues. It is related because it directly looks at strategies and effective implementation of requiring the vaccine. It also looks at ways to reduce the number of health care workers that do not get the influenza vaccine.I find it interesting that the below picture shows that the incentives for the Influenza vaccine really did work because of those that got it the number of flu sick hours was significantly reduced.

Article #4 =
Scatigna, M., Fabiani, L., Micolucci, G., Santilli, F., Mormile, P., & Giuliani, A. R. (2016). Attitudinal variables and a possible mediating mechanism for vaccination practice in health care workers of a local hospital in L'Aquila (Italy). Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 13(1), 198-205. doi:10.1080/21645515.2016.1225638

This article directly relates to my project because it is looking at more ways to get all health care workers in a local hospital vaccinated. This is the basis for my project and it is seen to be done through incentives.

Article #5 =
Maltezou, H., & Poland, G. (2016). Immunization of Health-Care Providers: Necessity and Public Health Policies. Healthcare, 4(3), 47. doi:10.3390/healthcare4030047

This article talks about the immunization of health care workers being necessary and actual public health care policy. That is why this is a policy article but also observational study. It also includes a bit of expert opinion. All of these are exactly what I am looking for in my hierarchy of evidence, so this is the perfect article for research for my project.

Anything else interesting happen?
Nothing else really interesting happened this week.

Explaining My Project

Research Journal #1

What was the process by which you narrowed down potential topics to two appropriate ones? And how were these decisions made on the basis of either class discussion, or our required, course textbook (Aveyard 2014), or both?
So far I have had difficulty with the process of choosing my topic and getting going. Originally, I thought I wanted my topic to be about vaccinations among those that already have compromised immune systems, but I could not seem to find enough research on that topic. That being the case, I eventually changed to vaccinations among health care workers. This of course could probably be narrowed down to more specific vaccinations, because according to class discutions it is good to have a specific topic that has enough evidence and research backing it up. I feel that the topic of vaccinations among health care workers is a good start for me because right now because not only am I Public Health major here at UNR, but I am hoping to go on to nursing school and work in a professional health care setting. Based on the discussions in class I feel that the later topic that I have thought about is the better one because it has enough research for me to ask the following question: Is it important for all Health Care workers be required to get vaccinated in order to work in the facility, or should it be up to them as a personal choice?
The decision was made to use this question after finding multiple journals and articles on PubMed and within the American Journal of Public Health, as well as proposing my toppic to Professor Gossi and getting reassurance that it was a good choice.


What research question did you choose, and how are I can be sure you're making a reasoned, academic judgement on the basis of chapters 1-3 (Aveyard 2014)?
My research question is, "Is it important for all health care workers to be required to get vaccinated in order to work in a specific facility, or should this be a personal choice, or at least have specific acceptions related to health or disabilities?" After doing the reading I decided to add a little bit more to the question about having specific acceptions because it created a little bit more room for information by making a broader topic and question overall.


What article (or articles) are you basing this question on, and what type of article is it (research, theory, policy, practice) (citation[s] in APA, please)?
Anikeeva, O., Braunack-Mayer, A., & Rogers, W. (2009). Requiring Influenza Vaccination for Health Care Workers. American Journal of Public Health,99(1), 24-29. doi:10.2105/ajph.2008.136440
This Article is about the potential benefits for workers, patients, and their families if it was required for health care workers to recieve the Influenza Vaccination. It was published by the American Public Health Association.Below is a picture of the first bit of this journal article which I believe is a great start in providing me with the information I need to answer my research question.

Leask, J., Helms, C. M., Chow, M. Y., Robbins, S. C., & Mcintyre, P. B. (2010). Making influenza vaccination mandatory for health care workers: the views of NSW Health administrators and clinical leaders. New South Wales Public Health Bulletin, 21(10), 243. doi:10.1071/nb10042
I also found this article to be significant in my research about requiring vaccinations for health care workers. It comes from PubMed and is mostly a theory based article that talks about the challenges that would come with requiring the influenza vaccination in healthcare workers worldwide.

How can I be sure that the key vocabulary of the question corresponds not only to literature in the field, but also to chapter 1-3 (Aveyard 2014)?
Initially it was hard for me when I was working with the terms compromised immune system, which is why I was so pleased when I changed my research question and terms about requiring health care workers to get vaccinated. I have found that most of these journal articles include the word Influenza Vaccine, so I should be considering that as part of my question as well. I have also found that there is plenty of research using the key words: requiring heal care workers to get vaccinated.


Based on what your question is, what kind of literature are you going to need? Again, please explicitly reference the text (Aveyard 2014). What is your hierarchy of evidence?
In the order of importance going downward (those are the top are the most important) (cf. pg. 69 Aveyard):
1. Observational Studies and Theory
2. Expert Opinions
3. Comparison of the Risks


How exactly did you research question arise out of "practice"?
My research question arose out of practice because the articles that I have been using are peer reviewed articles, and that is what helped me narrow down and finalize my research question, as well as talking to Professor Gossi.


How do you define your key terms, and how do these definitions link to key journals in the field?
Health Care Workers
Health Care Setting
Vaccination or Vaccine or Vaccinated
Influenza
Flu
Required
Risks


Did anything unexpected happen? From you initial search, does it appear as though your research question will work? Or does the vocabulary and/or type of research sought need to be changed?
Nothing too out of the ordinary changed with this research. However, I do believe that I need to reqord my topic a little, and posisbly narrow it down even more by adding the more narrow topic of specifically the Influenza Vaccination.


Any final thoughts?
My new research question is: Is it important for all health care workers to be required to get the Influenza vaccine in order to work in a specific facility, or should this be a personal choice, or at least have specific acceptions related to health or disabilities?"